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## com.lowagie.text.pdf.hyphenation
Class TernaryTree

    java.lang.Object
      com.lowagie.text.pdf.hyphenation.TernaryTree

All Implemented Interfaces:
  Serializable, Cloneable

Direct Known Subclasses:
  HyphenationTree

    public class TernaryTree

extends Object
implements Cloneable, Serializable

## Ternary Search Tree.

A ternary search tree is a hibrid between a binary tree and a digital search tree (trie). Keys are limited to strings. A data value of type char is stored in each leaf node. It can be used as an index (or pointer) to the data. Branches that only contain one key are compressed to one node by storing a pointer to the trailer substring of the key. This class is intended to serve as base class or helper class to implement Dictionary collections or the like. Ternary trees have some nice properties as the following: the tree can be traversed in sorted order, partial matches (wildcard) can be implemented, retrieval of all keys within a given distance from the target, etc. The storage requirements are higher than a binary tree but a lot less than a trie. Performance is comparable with a hash table, sometimes it outperforms a hash function (most of the time can determine a miss faster than a hash).

The main purpose of this java port is to serve as a base for implementing TeX's hyphenation algorithm (see The TeXBook, appendix H). Each language requires from 5000 to 15000 hyphenation patterns which will be keys in this tree. The strings patterns are usually small (from 2 to 5 characters), but each char in the tree is stored in a node. Thus memory usage is the main concern. We will sacrify 'elegance' to keep memory requirenments to the minimum. Using java's char type as pointer (yes, I know pointer it is a forbidden word in java) we can keep the size of the node to be just 8 bytes (3 pointers and the data char). This gives room for about 65000 nodes. In my tests the english patterns took 7694 nodes and the german patterns 10055 nodes, so I think we are safe.

All said, this is a map with strings as keys and char as value. Pretty limited!. It can be extended to a general map by using the string representation of an object and using the char value as an index to an array that contains the object values.

Author:
  cav@uniscope.co.jp
See Also:
  Serialized Form

Nested Class Summary
`class` | `TernaryTree.Iterator`

Field Summary
`protected static int` | `BLOCK_SIZE`
`protected char[]` | `eq` Pointer to equal branch and to data when this node is a string terminator.
`protected char` | `freenode`
`protected char[]` | `hi` Pointer to high branch.
`protected CharVector` | `kv` This vector holds the trailing of the keys when the branch is compressed.
`protected int` | `length`
`protected char[]` | `lo` Pointer to low branch and to rest of the key when it is stored directly in this node, we don't have unions in java!
`protected char` | `root`
`protected char[]` | `sc` The character stored in this node: splitchar.
`private static long` | `serialVersionUID` We use 4 arrays to represent a node.

Constructor Summary
`TernaryTree()`

Method Summary
`void` | `balance()` Balance the tree for best search performance
`Object` | `clone()`
`private void` | `compact(CharVector kx, TernaryTree map, char p)`
`int` | `find(char[] key, int start)`
`int` | `find(String key)`
`protected void` | `init()`
`void` | `insert(char[] key, int start, char val)`
`private char` | `insert(char p, char[] key, int start, char val)` The actual insertion function, recursive version.
`void` | `insert(String key, char val)` Branches are initially compressed, needing one node per key plus the size of the string key.
`protected void` | `insertBalanced(String[] k, char[] v, int offset, int n)` Recursively insert the median first and then the median of the lower and upper halves, and so on in order to get a balanced tree.
`Enumeration` | `keys()`
`boolean` | `knows(String key)`
`void` | `printStats()`
`private void` | `redimNodeArrays(int newsize)`
`int` | `size()`
`static int` | `strcmp(char[] a, int startA, char[] b, int startB)` Compares 2 null terminated char arrays
`static int` | `strcmp(String str, char[] a, int start)` Compares a string with null terminated char array
`static void` | `strcpy(char[] dst, int di, char[] src, int si)`
`static int` | `strlen(char[] a)`
`static int` | `strlen(char[] a, int start)`
`void` | `trimToSize()` Each node stores a character (splitchar) which is part of some key(s).

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
`equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

Field Detail

### serialVersionUID

    private static final long serialVersionUID

  We use 4 arrays to represent a node. I guess I should have created a proper node class, but somehow Knuth's pascal code made me forget we now have a portable language with virtual memory management and automatic garbage collection! And now is kind of late, furthermore, if it ain't broken, don't fix it.

  See Also:
    Constant Field Values

### lo

    protected char[] lo

  Pointer to low branch and to rest of the key when it is stored directly in this node, we don't have unions in java!

### hi

    protected char[] hi

  Pointer to high branch.

### eq

    protected char[] eq

  Pointer to equal branch and to data when this node is a string terminator.

### sc

    protected char[] sc

  The character stored in this node: splitchar. Two special values are reserved:

  - 0x0000 as string terminator
  - 0xFFFF to indicate that the branch starting at this node is compressed

  This shouldn't be a problem if we give the usual semantics to strings since 0xFFFF is garanteed not to be an Unicode character.

### kv

    protected CharVector kv

  This vector holds the trailing of the keys when the branch is compressed.

### root

    protected char root

### freenode

    protected char freenode

### length

    protected int length

### BLOCK_SIZE

    protected static final int BLOCK_SIZE

See Also:
  Constant Field Values

Constructor Detail

### TernaryTree

    TernaryTree()

Method Detail

### init

    protected void init()

### insert

    public void insert(String key,
                       char val)

  Branches are initially compressed, needing one node per key plus the size of the string key. They are decompressed as needed when another key with same prefix is inserted. This saves a lot of space, specially for long keys.

### insert

    public void insert(char[] key,
                       int start,
                       char val)

### insert

    private char insert(char p,
                        char[] key,
                        int start,
                        char val)

  The actual insertion function, recursive version.

### strcmp

    public static int strcmp(char[] a,
                             int startA,
                             char[] b,
                             int startB)

  Compares 2 null terminated char arrays

### strcmp

    public static int strcmp(String str,
                             char[] a,
                             int start)

  Compares a string with null terminated char array

### strcpy

    public static void strcpy(char[] dst,
                              int di,
                              char[] src,
                              int si)

### strlen

    public static int strlen(char[] a,
                             int start)

### strlen

    public static int strlen(char[] a)

### find

    public int find(String key)

### find

    public int find(char[] key,
                    int start)

### knows

    public boolean knows(String key)

### redimNodeArrays

    private void redimNodeArrays(int newsize)

### size

    public int size()

### clone

    public Object clone()

  Overrides:
    `clone` in class `Object`

### insertBalanced

    protected void insertBalanced(String[] k,
                                  char[] v,
                                  int offset,
                                  int n)

  Recursively insert the median first and then the median of the lower and upper halves, and so on in order to get a balanced tree. The array of keys is assumed to be sorted in ascending order.

### balance

    public void balance()

  Balance the tree for best search performance

### trimToSize

    public void trimToSize()

  Each node stores a character (splitchar) which is part of some key(s). In a compressed branch (one that only contain a single string key) the trailer of the key which is not already in nodes is stored externally in the kv array. As items are inserted, key substrings decrease. Some substrings may completely disappear when the whole branch is totally decompressed. The tree is traversed to find the key substrings actually used. In addition, duplicate substrings are removed using a map (implemented with a TernaryTree!).

### compact

    private void compact(CharVector kx,
                         TernaryTree map,
                         char p)

### keys

    public Enumeration keys()

### printStats

    public void printStats()

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